A polar representation of the creation and annihilation operato... | Filo

(a) Use the creation and annihilation operators to write down t... | Filo

In quantum physics, a vacuum is not truly empty but a space filled with fluctuating energy and virtual particles. Unlike the classical idea of a perfect void, quantum mechanics suggests that even in the absence of matter, tiny energy fluctuations constantly occur due to the uncertainty principle. These fluctuations cause the spontaneous creation and annihilation of virtual particle-antiparticle pairs, which exist for extremely short periods before disappearing. This phenomenon, known as quantum